In order to understand the all-pervasive and connect the dots of the monopolistic central bankers it is necessary to excerpt from writers eminently more qualified than I to give the reader an insight to the History not taught in Schools Colleges and Universities and long suppressed by the Elite Controlled mainstream media.
Mayer Amschel Bauer (changed to Rothschild) has been credited with the founding of the Rothschild’s Dynasty[4], whose father bought and sold new and second hand goods, coins and did pawn broking under the sign of a “Red Shield,” the origin of their new name. (Rothschild:-Red Shield in German).
As a young lad he was given a small charity job in the Banking house of Oppenheim in Hanover where he became apprenticed in the Oppenheim Banking House at the tender age of 12years[5]. It must have “dawned,” on young Mayer Amschel that Banking was inextricably linked to politics and the powerful Princes and Noblemen of the times. Without criticising a 12 year olds intellect it is More likely he was coached in the art of finance by the House of Oppenheim, a name which disappears for awhile but crops up latter in the Diamond and Gold Fields of South Africa. Having saved a small sum of his remuneration over the previous years he branched out on his own thus began the path to fame and fortune.
Returning to Frankfurt from Hanover he married Gudule Schnapper in 1770 and lived on the first floor above in the house where his father traded. From the shop below he bought and sold new and used goods. Gudule bore Mayer five sons. Anselem Mayer 1713-: Salomon Mayer 1774-: Nathan Mayer 1777-: Karl 1778-: Jacob (James)-1792[6]. Through his connections Mayer Amschel was appointed Court Banker to the Landgrave of Hesse. It is from this beginning that the Rothschild fortune emanated.
On his death Mayer Amschel left five sons who established a pentarchy, Anselem Mayer Frankfort, Salomon Vienna, Nathan London, James Paris, and Carl Naples[7]. In so doing the Rothschild’s were able to establish the family business in the financial capitols of Europe at the time.
The state of the world or more importantly Europe at the time, no doubt, greatly contributed to the wealth of the Rothschild founder. Some Historians argue that it was more to do with the financial prowess and smart investments than it was to do with exploiting the circumstances of the time. This writer contends that it was secrecy of operation on the one hand and shrewdness from backing both sides in the game at the same time and exploiting those circumstances to their own benefit that enabled the near meteoric rise of the Rothschild’s Dynasty, The Most Elite!
Bakers Financiers and Economists are well aware that the greatest profits are to be made in times of war and or political and economic upheaval[8]. The events that lead to Wars, Political and Economic crises do not happen on their own they are engineered for the Benefit of the Ruling Elites[9].
Soon The Rothschild’s were lending to Nations. First Denmark’s financial position was perilous and aggravated by an undeclared war initiated by England and then a war against Sweden followed. As a consequence of their perilous financial position The Government applied to the Rothschild’s and was met with favourable assistance[10]. Financing Governments in need became more profitable than ordinary business dealings and soon became the core business. As the business of granting loans to various Governments grew so did the success that followed from these loans. This gave the firm a position of unchallenged power and standing in society so as to become the virtual dictators of Europe[11].
Through this new found power the Rothschild’s were able to excerpt hither to unknown influence on Governments requiring loans to the point of insisting that Rothschild’s appointees were installed in key Government positions. This ensured the insider information required to keep a finger on the pulse so to Speak. This has not changed to this very day.
There are writers who assert that in addition to these Government loans, Rothschild’s were involved in the embezzlement regarding the sizeable fortune belonging to the Landgrave and placed in the safe keeping of the Rothschild[12]. (Emphasis added)
In fact the Rothschild’s played both sides of every conflict, having secured some incredibly useful information, in his “partnership,” with the Princes of Von Thurn and Taxis. They never made any decision or moves without close consultation with their “communication agent” and “inside information source,” the Von Thurn and Taxis. This inside information obtained in an illegal manor gave him an edge on the other money lenders of his time that was used in the Wellington Campaign and quite probably others.
In fact The Rothschild’s had a hand in all of the following major conflicts around the globe, the American Civil War, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, then through their Proxies both Anglo/Boer Wars in South Africa[13], last but not least both the first and second world wars. All of which the House of Rothschild’s profited handsomely.
Enter the Rothschild’s into the American markets. Amschel sent a member of the family by the name of Schoenenberg to the United States under the assumed name of August Belmont. August Belmont became the “hidden hand,” that secretly pushed through the legislation to enable the Federal Reserve to become law[14]. Belmont under the watchful eye of the Rothschild’s eye he became heavily involved in Baking and Democratic Party Politics in America.
The following is a direct transcript from The Book:-The Rothschild Dynasty by Dr John Colman. (The numbering of the footnotes and citations pertain to Dr. Colman’s’ book, as can be seen these are not in sequence with the original article.)
The brothers decided to establish themselves in England; they sent Nathan to settle in Manchester, a grimy northern industrial town, rather than in London. The reason was that the Rothschild’s had important commercial plans for the cloth trade there, which they intended to exploit to the full before moving their operation to London. Most of the fabric needed to make uniforms for the British Army and Navy originally came from Germany. Thanks to the “postal intelligence” provided by the Von Thurn and Taxis mail monopoly, the Rothschild’s learned that war with Napoleon was imminent. (emphasis added) Nathan was quickly dispatched to Germany to buy up all stocks of such cloth. When the Manchester manufactures were given contracts by the British Government to make uniforms for the army and navy, they sent their agents to Germany to secure the necessary fabric stocks, as they had always done, only to learn that all production had already been sold to Nathan Rothschild, from whom they were now obliged to buy. When the news reached Manchester, there followed violent uproar. At one stage Nathan feared for his safety. After five years in Manchester, in 1805 Nathan moved to London. Actually, “fled” would be a better description as indeed he was forced to do when public wrath against his dealings began to mount. One of the principle reasons for Nathan’s great success was that he realized that fast communication was the key to beating out competitors. He employed the fastest riders, ships and even carrier pigeons to communicate. He avidly sought “inside information,” which he kept from his competitors and from governments. He had his secret agents in all of the capital cities of Europe. This loyal group never hesitated to ride through the night, winter and summer. They kept the best breed of carrier pigeons and sailed on the fastest packet boats, sometimes buying all passages between France and England to block competitors.
Dr. John Coleman (continues)
Nathan’s greatest principle of expertise was of buying government bonds that were defaulted, or about to be defaulted, at huge discounts. After a suitable time, great pressure was exerted on the governments concerned to redeem the bonds at face value, netting Nathan incredible profits. In this way he became the financial agent for more than half the governments of Europe. Some very notable people in the past declared that “civilization came to an end in 1790,” among them H.G. Wells, the famous British establishment writer who said in the New York American, (July 27, 1924) that the mental and moral progress of the human race ended with the 18th century. Wells was well thought of by the Rothschild’s, who liked his idea of the League of Nations, what Wells called “a world state,” which he said was inevitable. The Erlanger’s donated $3,000 to this purpose, as did N.M. Rothschild. George Bernard Shaw, the Irish playwright, told Hillaire Belloc: “Something enormous happened in 1790.” This was reported in the New York Times: There is reason to believe that they were referring to the great revolutionary movements that began between the middle and the end of the 18th century when in 1779 Amschel Rothschild became the master of the richest man on Earth, the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel.[15]
At the Same time all this activity the recent discovery of Gold and Diamonds in the Northern Cape and the two Boer Republics had not escaped the attention of the Queen Victoria of England, and the Rothschild’s financed Cecil John Rhodes’s quest for the “Cape to Cairo,” Railroad to ensure expansion of and future dominions of the British Empire in Africa.
Below is a direct extract from the book entitled Tragedy and Hope by Carroll Quigley[16].
The new imperialism after 1870 was quite different in tone from that which the Little Englanders had opposed earlier. The chief changes were that it was justified on grounds of moral duty and of social reform and not, as earlier, on grounds of missionary activity and material advantage. The man most responsible for this change was John Ruskin. Until 1870 there was no professorship of fine arts at Oxford, but in that year, thanks to the Slade bequest, John Ruskin was named to such a chair. He hit Oxford like an earthquake, not so much because he talked about fine arts, but because he talked also about the empire and England’s downtrodden masses, and above all because he talked about all three of these things as moral issues. Until the end of the nineteenth century the poverty-stricken masses in the cities of England lived in want, ignorance, and crime very much as they have been described by Charles Dickens. Ruskin spoke to the Oxford undergraduates as members of the privileged, ruling class. He told them that they were the possessors of a magnificent tradition of education, beauty, rule of law, freedom,  decency, and self-discipline but that this tradition could not be saved, and did not deserve to be saved, unless it could be extended to the lower classes in England itself and to the non-English masses throughout the world. If this precious tradition were not extended to these two great majorities, the minority of upper-class Englishmen would ultimately be submerged by these majorities and the tradition lost. To prevent this, the tradition must be extended to the masses and to the empire.
Cecil Rhodes Sets up a Monopoly over the Gold and Diamond Mines in South Africa Ruskin’s message had a sensational impact. His inaugural lecture was copied out in longhand by one undergraduate, Cecil Rhodes, who kept it with him for thirty years. Rhodes (1853-1902) feverishly exploited the diamond and goldfields of South Africa, rose to be prime minister of the Cape Colony (1890-1896), contributed money to political parties, controlled parliamentary seats both in England and in South Africa, and sought to win a strip of British territory across Africa from the Cape of Good Hope to Egypt and to join these two extremes together with a telegraph line and ultimately with a Cape-to-Cairo Railway. Rhodes inspired devoted support for his goals from others in South Africa and in England. With financial support from Lord Rothschild and Alfred Beit………..
Quigley continues
…………….Alfred Beit, he was able to monopolize the diamond mines of South Africa as De Beers Consolidated Mines and to build up a great gold mining enterprise as Consolidated Gold Fields’. In the middle 1890′s Rhodes had a personal income of at least a million pounds sterling a year (then about five million dollars) which was spent so freely for his mysterious purposes that he was usually overdrawn on his account. These purposes centred on his desire to federate the English-speaking peoples and to bring all the habitable portions of the world under their control. For this purpose Rhodes left part of his great fortune to found the Rhodes Scholarships at Oxford in order to spread the English ruling class tradition throughout the English-speaking world as Ruskin had wanted. Cecil Rhodes Organized a Secret Society in 1891 Among Ruskin’s most devoted disciples at Oxford were a group of intimate friends including Arnold Toynbee, Alfred (later Lord) Milner, Arthur Glazebrook, George (later Sir George) Parkin, Philip Lyttelton Gell, and Henry (later Sir Henry) Birchenough. These were so moved by Ruskin that they devoted the rest of their lives to carrying out his ideas. A similar group of Cambridge men including Reginald Baliol Brett (Lord Esher), Sir John B. Seeley, Albert (Lord) Grey, and Edmund Garrett were also aroused by Ruskin’s message and devoted their lives to extension of the British Empire and uplift of England’s urban masses as two parts of one project which they called “extension of the English-speaking idea.” They were remarkably successful in these aims because England’s most sensational journalist William T. Stead (1849-1912), an ardent social reformer and imperialist, brought them into association with Rhodes. This association was formally established on February 5, 1891, when Rhodes and Stead organized a secret society of which Rhodes had been dreaming for sixteen years. In this secret society Rhodes was to be leader; Stead, Brett (Lord Esher), and Milner were to form an executive committee; Arthur (Lord) Balfour, (Sir) Harry Johnston, Lord Rothschild, Albert (Lord) Grey, and others were listed as potential members of a “Circle of Initiates”; while there was to be an outer circle known as the “Association of Helpers” (later organized by Milner as the Round Table organization). Brett [17] was invited to join this organization the same day and Milner a couple of weeks later, on his return from Egypt. Both accepted with enthusiasm. Thus the central part of the secret society was established by March 1891. It continued to function as a formal group, although the outer circle was, apparently, not organized until 1909-1913.


With insider knowledge unscrupulous business men make money on the clothing the mercenaries wear, the feeding and wages of the mercenaries, and out of the financing of the campaigns on both sides of the conflict, in addition panic is caused on the stock market by panic selling at the high price, and then through secret appointed agents, buying at the bottom making a profit Twice!, whist expanding their control of all things lucrative. Sound Familiar today?
In his book, Secretes of the Federal Reserve, Eustace Mullins illuminates on the how the Rothschild’s fortunes were increased.
“When the Elector of Hesse earned a fortune by renting Hessian mercenaries to the British to put down the rebellion in the American colonies, Rothschild was entrusted with this money to invest. He made an excellent profit both for himself and the Elector, and attracted other accounts. In 1785 he moved to a larger house, 148 Judengasse, a five story house known as “The Green Shield” which he shared with the Schiff family.
The five sons established branches in the principal cities of Europe, the most successful being James in Paris and Nathan Mayer in London. Ignatius Balla in The Romance of the Rothschilds46 tells us how the London Rothschild established his fortune. He went to Waterloo, where the fate of Europe hung in the balance, saw that Napoleon was losing the battle, and rushed back to Brussels. At Ostend, he tried to hire a boat to England, but because of a raging storm, no one was willing to 101
go out. Rothschild offered 500 francs, then 700, and finally 1,000 francs for a boat. One sailor said, “I will take you for 2000 francs; then at least my widow will have something if we are drowned.” Despite the storm, they crossed the Channel.
The next morning, Rothschild was at his usual post in the London Exchange. Everyone noticed how pale and exhausted he looked. Suddenly, he started selling, dumping large quantities of securities. Panic immediately swept the Exchange. Rothschild is selling; he knows we have lost the Battle of Waterloo. Rothschild and all of his known agents continued to throw securities onto the market. Balla says, “Nothing could arrest the disaster. At the same time he was quietly buying up all securities by means of secret agents whom no one knew. In a single day, he had gained nearly a million sterling, giving rise to the saying, ‘The Allies won the Battle of Waterloo, but it was really Rothschild who won.’”*

Mullins Continues
In The Profits of War, Richard Lewinsohn says, “Rothschild’s war profits from the Napoleonic Wars financed their later stock speculations. Under Metternich,  Austria after long hesitation, finally agreed to accept financial direction from the House of Rothschild.”47
46 Ignatius Balla, the Romance of the Rothschilds, Everleigh Nash, London, 1913
* The New York Times, April 1, 1915 reported that in 1914, Baron Nathan Mayer de Rothschild went to court to suppress Ignatius Balla’s book on the grounds that the Waterloo story about his grandfather was untrue and libelous. The court ruled that the story was true, dismissed Rothschild’s suit, and ordered him to pay all costs. The New York Times noted in this story that “The total Rothschild wealth has been estimated at $2 billion.” A previous story in The New York Times (May 27, 1905) noted that Baron Alphonse de Rothschild, head of the French house of Rothschild, possessed $60 million in American securities in his fortune, although the Rothschilds reputedly were not active in the American field. This explains why their agent, J.P. Morgan, had only $19 million in securities in his estate when he died in 1913, and securities handled by Morgan were actually owned by his employer, Rothschild.”
47 Richard Lewinsohn, The Profits of War, E.P. Dutton, 1937
Mullins continues:-
After the success of his Waterloo exploit, Nathan Mayer Rothschild gained control of the Bank of England through his near monopoly of “Consols” and other shares. Several “central” banks, or banks which had the power to issue currency, had been started in Europe: The Bank of Sweden, in 1656, which began to issue notes in 1661, the earliest being the Bank of Amsterdam, which financed Oliver Cromwell’s seizure of power in England in 1649, ostensibly because of religious differences. Cromwell died in 1657 and the throne of England was re-established when Charles II was crowned in 1660. He died in 1685. In 1689, the same group of bankers regained power in England by putting King William of Orange on the throne. He soon repaid his backers by ordering the British Treasury to borrow 1,250,000 pounds from these bankers. He also issued them a Royal Charter for the Bank of England, which permitted them to consolidate the National debt (which had just been created by this loan) and to secure payments of interest and principal by direct taxation of the people. The Charter forbade private 103
goldsmiths to store gold and to issue receipts, which gave the stockholders of the Bank of England a money monopoly. The goldsmiths also were required to store their gold in the Bank of England vaults. Not only had their privilege of issuing circulating medium been taken away by government decree, but their fortunes were now turned over to those who had supplanted them.*
In his “Cantos”, 46; 27, Ezra Pound refers to the unique privileges which William Paterson advertised in his prospectus for the Charter of the Bank of England:
“Said Paterson
Hath benefit of interest on all the moneys which it, the bank, creates out of nothing.” (Emphasis added)
The “nothing” which is referred to, of course, is the bookkeeping operation of the bank, which “creates” money by entering a notation that it has “lent” you one thousand dollars, money which did not exist until the bank made the entry.
By 1698, the British Treasury owed 16 million pounds sterling to the Bank of England. By 1815, principally due to the compounding of interest, the debt had risen to 885 million pounds sterling. Some of this increase was due to the wars which had flourished during that period, including the Napoleonic Wars and the wars which England had fought to retain its American Colony.
Mullins continues
* NOTE: In the United States, after the stockholders of the Federal Reserve System had consolidated their power in 1934, our government also issued orders that private citizens could not store or hold gold.
58
William Paterson (1658-1719) himself benefited little from “the moneys which the bank creates out of nothing”, as he withdrew, after a policy disagreement, from the Bank of England a year after it was founded. A later William Paterson became one of the framers of the United States Constitution, while the name lingers on, like the pernicious central bank itself.
Paterson had found himself unable to work with the Bank of England’s stockholders. Many of them remained anonymous, but an early description of the Bank of England stated it was “A society of about 1330 persons, including the King and Queen of England, who had 10,000 pounds of stock, the Duke of Leeds, Duke of Devonshire, Earl of Pembroke, and the Earl of Bradford.”
Because of his success in his speculations, Baron Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, as he now called himself, reigned as the supreme financial power in London. He arrogantly exclaimed, during a party in his mansion, “I care not what puppet is placed upon the throne of England to rule the Empire on which the sun never sets. The man that controls Britain’s money supply controls the British Empire, and I control the British money supply.”
His brother James in Paris had also achieved dominance in French finance. In Baron Edmond de Rothschild, David Druck writes, “(James) Rothschild’s wealth had reached the 600 million mark. Only one man in France possessed more. That was the King, whose wealth was 800 million. The aggregate wealth of all the bankers in France was 150 million less than that of James Rothschild. This naturally gave him untold powers, even to the extent of unseating governments whenever he chose to do so. It is well known, for example, that he overthrew the Cabinet of Prime Minister Thiers.”48
The expansion of Germany under Bismarck was accompanied by his dependence on Samuel Bleichroder, Court Bankers of the Prussian Emperor, who had been known as an agent of the Rothschilds since 1828. The later Chancellor of Germany, Dr. von Bethmann Hollweg, was the son of Moritz Bethmann of Frankfurt, who had intermarried with the Rothschilds. Emperor Wilhelm I also relied heavily on Bischoffsheim, Goldschmidt, and Sir Ernest Cassel of Frankfurt, who emigrated to England and became personal banker to the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII. Cassel’s daughter married Lord Mountbatten, giving the family a direct relationship to the present British Crown.
The House of Windsor connection
1901, when Queen Victoria’s son, Edward, became King Edward VII, he re-established the Rothschild ties.
Paul Emden in Behind The Throne says,
“Edward’s preparation for his metier was quite different from that of his mother, hence he ‘ruled’ less than she did. Gratefully, he retained around him men who had been with him in the age of the building of the Baghdad Railway…there were added to the advisory staff Leopold and Alfred de Rothschild, various members of the Sassoon family, and above all his private financial advisor Sir Ernest Cassel.”50
The enormous fortune which Cassel made in a relatively short time gave him an immense power which he never misused. He amalgamated the firm of Vickers Sons with the Naval Construction Company and the Maxim-Nordenfeldt Guns and Ammunition Company, a fusion from which there arose the worldwide firm of Vickers Sons and Maxim. On an entirely different capacity from Cassel were businessmen like the Rothschilds. The firm was run on democratic principles, and the various partners all had to be members of the family. With great hospitality and in a princely manner they led the lives of grand seigneurs, and it was natural that Edward VII should find them congenial. Thanks to their international family relationships and still more extended business connections, they knew the whole world, were well informed about everybody, and had reliable knowledge of matters which did not appearden 1901, when Queen Victoria’s son, Edward, became King Edward VII, he re-established the Rothschild ties.
Paul Emden in Behind The Throne says,
“Edward’s preparation for his metier was quite different from that of his mother, hence he ‘ruled’ less than she did. Gratefully, he retained around him men who had been with him in the age of the building of the Baghdad Railway…there were added to the advisory staff Leopold and Alfred de Rothschild, various members of the Sassoon family, and above all his private financial advisor Sir Ernest Cassel.”50
The enormous fortune which Cassel made in a relatively short time gave him an immense power which he never misused. He amalgamated the firm of Vickers Sons with the Naval Construction Company and the Maxim-Nordenfeldt Guns and Ammunition Company, a fusion from which there arose the worldwide firm of Vickers Sons and Maxim. On an entirely different capacity from Cassel were businessmen like the Rothschilds. The firm was run on democratic principles, and the various partners all had to be members of the family. With great hospitality and in a princely manner they led the lives of grand seigneurs, and it was natural that Edward VII should find them congenial. Thanks to their international family relationships and still more extended business connections, they knew the whole world, were well informed about everybody, and had reliable knowledge of matters which did not appearfeldt Guns and Ammunition Company, a fusion from which there arose the worldwide firm of Vickers Sons and Maxim. On an entirely different capacity from Cassel were businessmen like the Rothschilds. The firm was run on democratic principles, and the various partners all had to be members of the family. With great hospitality and in a princely manner they led the lives of grand seigneurs, and it was natural that Edward VII should find them congenial. Thanks to their international family relationships and still more extended business connections, they knew the whole world, were well informed about everybody, and had reliable knowledge of matters which did not appear on the surface. This combination of finance and politics had been a trademark of the Rothschilds from the very beginning. The House of Rothschild always knew more than could be found in the papers and even more than could be read in the reports which arrived at the Foreign Office. In other countries also the relations of the Rothschilds extended behind the throne. Not until numerous diplomatic publications appeared in the years after the war did a wider public learn how strongly Alfred de Rothschild’s hand affected the politics of Central Europe during the twenty years before the war (World War I).”
With the control of the money came the control of the news media. Kent Cooper, head of the Associated Press, writes in his autobiography, Barriers Down,
“International bankers under the House of Rothschild acquired an interest in the three leading European agencies.”51
Thus the Rothschilds bought control of Reuters International News Agency, based in London, Havas of France, and Wolf in Germany, which controlled the dissemination of all news in Europe.
__________________________
50 Paul Emden, Behind The Throne, Hoddard Stoughton, London, 1934
51 Kent Cooper, Barriers Down, pg. 21
Recommended Reading:- John Reeves-The Rothschild’s Financial Rulers of Nations, L. Fry-Waters Flowing Eastward, Carroll Quigley-Tragedy and Hope, Anthony Sutton- Wall street and the Bolshevik Revolution, Eustace Mullins- Secrets of the Federal Reserve, John Coleman-The Rothschild Dynasty, The Committee of 300 & Diplomacy By deception, Zbigniew Brzezinski-Between Two ages, The Choice & The Grand Chessboard Daniel Estulin-The Bilderberg Group, Paul Findley-They Dare to Speak out, Ian Douglas Smith-The Great Betrayal, Michel Chossudovsky & Andrew Gavin Marshall-The Global Economic Crises, Michael C. Rupert-Crossing The Rubicon,  John Perkins-Confessions of an Economic Hitman, Peter Dale Scott-The Road To 911 & Deep Politics and the Death of JFK, Fletcher Prouty-The Death of JFK & The Secret Team, Baigent Lee & Lincoln-Holy Blood Holy Grail, Henry R. Pike-History of Communism in South Africa, Judy Wood- Where did the towers Go, Webster Tarpley- Synthetic Terror, Lorna Siggins-Once upon a time in the West, Dearbhail McDonald-BUST, Scandal Nation-Michael Clifford & Shane Coleman, Robert Service-Stalin A Biography, Terror On The Tube- Nick Kollerstrom, Meeting minutes from Council on Foreign Relations, Meeting Minutes from the Bank of England and the Meeting Minutes from The Bank of England, to name but a few important ones.
Internet Sites:- The Daily Bell, Global Research.ca. The Sovereign Independent.ie, Voltairenet.org, UK Column, Veterans Today, Ian R. Crane, Edge Media, David Ike, ParadigmshiftTV, Cutting through the Matrix, Council on Foreign Relations, Bank of England, Federal Reserve-USA, drjudywood.com, The July 7 truth campaign.
DVD’s:-The Panama Deception, Super Power, Project Zion, From Freedom To Fascism, Zeitgeist, Zeitgeist Addendum, Loose Change Final cut, 7/7 The Ripple Effect, Mind The Gap-7/7, The Final Melt Down, and many more.

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[17] Tragedy and Hope-Carroll Quigley

article: http://www.sovereignindependent.com/?p=27909